Thursday, April 9, 2026
Dopa Brutality From A Possible Psychotic Mind
Wednesday, April 8, 2026
Ad Santel: A Catch Wrestling Juggernaut Who Crushed Japan's Judo Masters And Secured An Unbreakable Legacy of Mat Domination
How's it going everyone? Hopefully you're out there killing it this week, sweat dripping, muscles screaming, and that unbreakable fire burning within. Yesterday I wrapped up one of my go-to Dopa Band Circuits, 20 Rounds but added in explosive sprints as a finisher that left me high as a kite yet feeling like I had been through a war zone. It slammed me right back into that old school mentality like those nasty catch wrestlers from the past. These legends didn’t train for show. They trained to survive, to dominate, and to prove their style could humble anyone. That’s exactly what Ad Santel did. This German-American beast didn’t just wrestle, he took on Japan’s elite judoka and jiu-jitsu black belts in straight-up shoot fights and left them battered, tapping, or flat on the mat. If you’re chasing that raw, functional power in your own training, Santel’s story is pure fuel in and of itself. Catch-as-catch-can isn’t ancient history. It’s the blueprint for understanding what it takes to build the kind of body and mind that refuses to break.
Born Adolph Ernst on April 7, 1887, in Dresden, Germany, Santel crossed the ocean and exploded onto the American wrestling scene. At 5’9” and a rock-solid 185 pounds, he wasn’t some towering giant. He was compact fury – quick, explosive, and loaded with leverage that turned bigger men into ragdolls. He debuted in 1907 under ring names like Al Santel or Mysterious Carpenter, but by the 1910s he was the fucking man to beat. He claimed the World Light Heavyweight Championship in catch wrestling and defended that strap for years against the best the era had to offer. This wasn’t scripted entertainment. These were legit challenges – no rounds, no bullshit, just two men locked up until one submitted or couldn’t continue. Santel held his own against heavy hitters like Joe Stecher, Gus Sonnenberg, John Pesek, and even went the distance with Ed “Strangler” Lewis later on. But his real legendary status? That came from crossing oceans and styles.
I want you to paint a picture in your mind's eye: it’s the 1910s, and Japanese judo and jiu-jitsu are being hyped as unbeatable arts. Black belts from the Kodokan were rolling through America, challenging anyone who dared. Santel said “bring it” and stepped into the fire. On November 1915, he took out Senryuken Noguchi in San Francisco. Then came the big one on February 5, 1916 – Tokugoro Ito, a legit 5th-degree black belt judoka. Under judo rules, Santel slammed the man so viciously Ito couldn’t stand back up. Santel stood tall and declared himself World Judo Champion on the spot. The rematch in June? Ito caught him in a choke and got the win. But that first victory? It sent shockwaves. Newspapers described Ito tossing Santel around like a sack of flour early on, only for Santel’s catch transitions and raw power to flip the script. DDDAAAMMMNNN son, that’s the kind of grit that turns doubters into believers.
He kept rolling. Taro Miyake, another Japanese star, got handled in Seattle. First a draw, then Santel hit him with a half-nelson slam that left Miyake dizzy and out for half an hour. Daisuke Sakai, yet another 5th dan. Santel submitted him twice with a nasty biceps slicer that had the crowd gasping. These weren’t flukes. Santel’s catch wrestling, that blend of hooks, rides, and bone-crushing control – exposed the holes in pure judo when everything was on the table.
Fast forward to 1921 and this is where it gets good: Santel assembles a crew, Henry Weber and Matty Matsuda head straight to Japan. They hit Tokyo’s Yasukuni Shrine in front of 10,000 screaming fans. Neutral rules: judogi jackets on, but all catch holds allowed. March 5 against Reijiro Nagata? Headlock Submission. The next day versus Hikoo Shoji, they draw, but Shoji’s face is swollen and busted – Santel even helped the guy off the mat like a true warrior respecting the battle. Then in Nagoya he avenges a teammate’s loss by smashing Hitoshi Shimizu. These matches weren’t exhibitions. They were wars that forced the Kodokan to rethink everything. Some Japanese fighters got expelled just for training with him. One man from Dresden changed the global grappling game forever.
Santel’s toolkit was like a swiss army knife. Slamming takedowns that used every ounce of leverage to plant opponents on their backs. The half-nelson slam? A finisher that could rattle brains. Biceps slicers for those brutal submissions. Neckscissors and headlocks that squeezed the fight right out of you. No flashy spins or showboat moves – just efficient, vicious reality that worked when the sweat was flying and the crowd was roaring. He wasn’t the biggest or the strongest on paper, but his conditioning let him go for hours and still come out on top. That’s the catch wrestling edge: control the mat, chain your holds, and outlasting your opponent.
After retiring in 1933, Santel passed the torch. He helped train Lou Thesz for a period in California, drilling that catch foundation that helped make Lou a household name. Thesz later called it “an incredible gift.” Santel lived until 1966, passing at 79 in Alameda, but his impact never faded. In 2024 he got inducted into the International Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame. And yeah, there’s that old rumor about him getting paid to rough up Georg Hackenschmidt before the Gotch rematch – unproven, but it fits the era’s gritty backstage drama. Bottom line: This crazy bastard bridged worlds. He showed catch wrestling could humble the “unbeatable” and planted seeds that still grow in modern submission grappling and MMA.
Here’s the part that should light a fire under your ass today. The man's dominance wasn’t magic – it was conditioning forged in the trenches. Long matches, global travel, facing elite opposition night after night. That demands a gas tank that doesn't have the word tired in the Dictionary. High-rep circuits, grip endurance that never quits, and the mental steel to push when every fiber wants to quit. You don’t get that from pretty gym routines. You grind it out in the backyard, garage, the beach or even in a hotel room just like the old-timers.
That’s why Dopa Bands are the perfect modern weapon for anyone chasing catch-inspired power. Variable resistance on pulls, squats, rows, and explosive drills mimics the dynamic strength you need for slams, scrambles, and marathon rolls. No gym membership. No excuses. Just pure functional might you can take anywhere. Whether you’re drilling guard work or building that never-quit endurance for your next open mat session, these bands let you train exactly like Santel lived: raw, relentless, and results-driven. These 500-1000 Rep Workouts I've been doing since January, have made the difference in how I proceed to be in the best shape possible. Like Ad, I'm not the strongest, the fastest or look like a bodybuilder but I sure as hell want to be in the best condition as possible and haven't felt like I peaked yet.
Look, the old-school catch wrestlers didn’t chase fame or trends. They chased who they can beat. Ad Santel embodied that spirit – a compact German-American juggernaut who stared down entire martial arts systems and came out victorious. He didn’t just win matches. He proved that heart, technique, and savage conditioning will always beat hype.
So what are you waiting for, bro? Throw in some band circuits today. Drill those transitions until they flow on instinct. Push through the burn until your body adapts and your mind gets unbreakable. Respect the history, value the lessons and live with Power and fucking Might every single day.
Head over to dopamineo.com right now and grab a set – or two – of Dopa Bands. Use code POWERANDMIGHT and get yourself hooked up. Then get after it. Train like the old timers. Dominate your competition. Because catch wrestling didn’t die in 1933. It lives in every rep you grind out today.
Keep killing it, everyone. Stay strong, be amazingly awesome and I’ll catch you in the next one. Shoot me a comment and let's hear from you.
Tuesday, April 7, 2026
The Anatomy of Online Obsession: When Someone Can’t Let Go
There’s a particular kind of online fixation that goes beyond simple disagreement or criticism. It becomes a full-time occupation. One person fixates on another who has stopped engaging with them, never responds and has blocked every possible channel of contact. Yet the fixation continues — emails under fake names, public blog posts, YouTube videos, and crude personal attacks that grow more repetitive and unhinged over time.
This pattern is disturbingly common in several corners of the internet, and it reveals a lot about the psychology of the person doing it. The behavior usually starts with public criticism. Then it escalates. The obsessed individual begins monitoring the target’s every post, every update, every training session. They read it, twist it, and turn it into fresh material for their own content. The target becomes the central character in the obsessed person’s narrative — a villain, a clown, a “court jester,” or whatever role fits the script. Even when the target stays completely silent, the posts keep coming. The rants get cruder, the insults more personal, and the fixation more obvious.
In this case, the harasser has used multiple aliases (Mike Watson, Lola, Habib Sir, and others) to send degrading emails filled with homophobic slurs, sexual mockery, and dominance fantasies. He has posted dozens upon dozens of blog entries and videos that directly reference the target, often within hours of the target publishing something new. He has used the target’s images and training content in fetish-related contexts without consent. He has made claims about installing tracking software, having “moles” spying, and other diabolical "threats". When comments and contact forms are reopened, he immediately floods them with short, juvenile insults.
None of this is normal criticism. It is compulsive and disturbing.
The Psychological Pattern
What we’re seeing is a classic case of Obsessive Fixation combined with One-Sided Delusional Relating. The harasser has constructed an imaginary ongoing relationship in his head. He refers to “our discussions,” predicts the target’s future actions, and scripts entire conversations that have never happened or spoken. In his mind, the target is obsessed with him, raging about him at night, simping to him, or secretly admiring him. Reality — complete silence and total non-engagement — is rewritten to fit the harasser's fantasy.
This is reinforced by Narcissistic Traits and a deep need for control. Every new post from the target becomes a threat to his superiority, so he must immediately tear it down. The more the target moves forward calmly and practically, the more it highlights the contrast: one person is building, the other is stuck reacting. That contrast appears to fuel rage and jealousy, which then gets expressed as crude sexual degradation and dominance fantasies (“Emperor Sir,” “Master,” “slaves,” etc.).
The behavior is also self-reinforcing. Each rant gives him a temporary emotional hit or fix (Like A Drug) — superiority, validation, a sense of power. But because the target never responds, the hit or fix fades quickly, so he has to create the next one. Over time, the content becomes more repetitive and unhinged because he is no longer creating for an audience — he is performing for himself and exposes his own pettiness and insecurities.
Why This Is Disturbing
This kind of obsession is disturbing for several reasons:
- It shows a complete disregard for consent and boundaries. The target has said “no” in every possible way — blocks, silence, deleted comments — yet the harasser continues to attempt to insert himself into the target’s life.
- It sexualizes and degrades the target in public, often in ways designed to humiliate and shame.
- It reveals a mind that has trouble separating fantasy from reality. The harasser talks as if real conversations and relationships exist when they do not.
- It wastes the harasser’s own life. Months or longer of energy that could have gone into real work, real relationships, or real growth are instead poured into attacking someone who isn’t even paying attention.
For the target, the experience is exhausting. Even when direct contact is cut off, the public rants and the knowledge that someone is obsessively watching can create hypervigilance and stress. The person starts to wonder, “Is he still reading this? Is he going to twist it again?” That mental load is real, even when that person never responds.
The Takeaway
If you ever encounter this kind of fixation — someone who won’t stop watching, won’t stop posting, and won’t respect your silence — remember this: their behavior is about them, not you. It is not a reflection of your worth or your work. It is evidence of their own emptiness and inability to let go.
The strongest response is almost always the same: document everything, set ironclad boundaries, and refuse to feed the cycle. Do not reply. Do not check their content. Do not give them the reaction they crave. Starve the obsession of oxygen.
Real strength is protecting your peace and continuing to move forward while someone else chooses to stay stuck in bitterness and fantasy.
The person doing this is not winning. They are trapped and it will be their undoing if they don't change.
Stay focused. Stay strong. Keep building and be amazingly awesome.
Feel free to message me if you've ever experienced this and would like help or even a little guidance. You are not alone.
Monday, April 6, 2026
The Brutal Dopa Band Deck Of Cards Workout On Easter
Saturday, April 4, 2026
Quads For Days???
Honestly, I don't think too much of my legs that way, they're not that big by standards of either Powerlifting, Strongman or even Bodybuilding. I do what's possible to train with intent and keep them in condition as best as I can. I don't even attempt to try to build huge legs anyway. You read my last article on the type of boxers I wear right? About having to wear 2XL just to feel comfortable LOL.
For real though, with all the shit that I've put my body through, I'm grateful to have built the legs that can go and carry me. I have no knee pain, I may have issues in the areas below the knees but you already know the story on that. I don't have calves that are impressive to anybody and no, I don't have thighs that can squat 500 lbs but that's ok. After thousands of squats, step ups, many sprints, sandbag training, isometrics along with other things, these are what came of all of it and I'm happy.
I also don't make it a habit to show off my legs because that's just not me. I've only shown them off maybe a couple times or so intentionally because I wanted to give people an idea that you can build athletic legs without needing to look like a bodybuilder or some pro athlete. With the ongoing workouts with the Dopa Bands, my legs feel amazing and with testing out different squat variations, sprints, lunges and other things, it keeps my training interesting. Those killer circuits, the grueling Deck Of Cards workouts and the insane HIIT workouts just fires them up and be ready for whatever lies ahead.
If I had to compare my legs to certain things (hypothetically speaking), I'd say I'm closer to legs that were of athletes in the 20's and 30's. Not always looking like they were carved from granite but were solid and made to have lasting strength. If there was any athlete of that time that had the best conditioned but powerful legs that wasn't a wrestler, strongman or acrobat was Lou Gehrig. The best 1st Baseman in Baseball who played for the Yankees his entire 14 year career. Not many realize this but Lou had legs that were Thoroughbreds. Underneath that uniform were legs that were made to chase down Gazelles. The Iron Horse. If ALS hadn't got wind of him, he could've gone another 5-6 years in the Majors and still be among one of the greatest power hitters.
If anyone had legs for days, was Gama or Ed Lewis, both wrestlers were machines on the mat and could outwork practically anybody. Ed's stamina was legendary when it came to those hours in matches and in workouts and Gama just didn't know the meaning of the word tired yet had the legs of a Tree Trunk. Their conditioning is nothing short of remarkable.
Now, having big legs doesn't always mean you're going to be having endurance that would make Herschel Walker exhausted. Some of those cartoonish looking legs like a Ronnie Coleman or Dorian Yates in their prime were just edging to have injuries being done on them. That much muscle was not meant for a man and it's crazy how big guys like that got. Did they train hard, absolutely and I'll never take that away from them but the mere fact that they did suffer in the hands of what they were trying to accomplish gave them issues that will have them in discomfort or pain the rest of their lives. Dorian out of the two is in healthier shape than Ronnie is these days and it's sad that they had to go through all that.
My legs have been through a lot. Maybe not as badly as others but I take pride in training them so as time goes on, I can hike, swim, climb stairs and be able to be the cool uncle or cousin that can keep up or be able haul furniture without dying. Conditioning is my biggest priority and the physique that comes with that is just part of the package. I'm not trying to win medals or brag I have better legs because I don't. I want to last and be able to outwork/keep up with guys half my age if possible. I also believe in keeping the joints strong because muscles are great and all but the things holding everything together makes the huge difference.
Many don't realize how important Isometrics are for the legs. They build the kind of armor for the bones and tendons that would give Colossus a run for his money. Those Wall Sits, Lunge Holds, Hybrid Style Isometrics, all hit the legs with a vengeance but build the kind of strength that reduces pain and adds that spring in your step. Check out Overcoming Isometrics and look into the chapter on Squat Chain Isometric Exercises along with the Hybrid Isometric Exercises chapter (That alone is worth the price of the book.
Train your legs, train them hard but be mindful. You don't have to go extreme like some caffeine addicted Twig with a foot fetish believes needs you to do (quite frankly, guys like that shouldn't be teaching fitness in the first place since they have no fucking idea of how to program anything of value and provide zero evidence that what they believe is healthy, just biased bullshit that is more harmful and counterproductive). Train to stimulate, not annihilate. Be amazingly awesome and wish nothing but success in your endeavors.
Let me hear from you in the comments or send me a note in the Contact Form on your training. Looking forward to your messages.
Thursday, April 2, 2026
The Clothes I Wear Whether I'm Training Or Not
A Psychotic Twist On The Dopa Band Deck Of Cards Workout
On Tuesday, I wanted to push a bit and did my 1000 Rep Circuit of 5 Exercises....
10 Reps each for 20 Rounds. Sometimes you have those days where you want to make things interesting and do what's possible in the moment. The high afterwards was indescribable. The sweat coming down like Niagara Falls and the workout itself was fun but a good challenge. Yesterday however; I thought about what I wanted to do, my goal was to get at least in 500 reps with the band. Maybe a circuit or deck of cards style.
Before I even set up the strap and the band, I was reading NO GAS, NO RUN: The Guide to Catch Wrestling Conditioning, Combat Science, and Building the Engine on my Kindle and I'm on the chapter about Karl Gotch's Bible which is also called The Deck Of Cards Protocol. I was reading through it and within maybe a couple paragraphs, that's what I wanted to do. At least from a certain point of view (as Obi-Wan Kenobi would say) with the band.
In the chapter, I will say that it refers to giving the options of picking 2 upper body and 2 lower body exercises (For Karl it was usually Push-Ups & Squats which anybody worthy of training should learn) and gave out the spreadsheet of what goes with each suit and all that. The one that had a lightbulb go off in my head was when he (or Jake at least) talked about the Jokers and do the upper and lower body exercises within that card. This is where I wanted to make it a challenge for myself.
So normally, I do the 5 exercises, numbered cards stood as is, face cards were 10 reps, Aces were 16 and Jokers were 50 reps of the Propeller Exercise. Sometimes I would do 1 Full Deck but if I'm feeling really ambitious, I'll do the deck twice in a row for 1000 Total Reps. I decided to put a twist on the script so do speak and get to do less than if I wanted to do it twice in a row but do way more than 500 for a Full Deck once. So here was my brainstorming idea (and those of you who have the Dopa Bands or thinking about getting one, this is borderline psychotic and a heel of a challenge)......
I would do the 2 upper body and 2 Lower Body exercises but like I read in the book, I doubled the reps for the lower body exercises and keep the upper body numbers as is. The Jokers however, were a bit nuts to think about and I find it gives that blend of what I would normally do and amp it up a bit. So instead of just doing the Propellers, I added the two upper body exercises as well. Here's what my protocol came out to be.
Hearts were Chest Flys, Diamonds were Wave Pulls, Spades were Hook Under The Arms Squats, Clubs were Ski Jumps and Wild was Propellers, Chest Flys & Wave Pulls.
2-10 As Is
Face Cards Are 10
Aces Are 16
Jokers Are 50/25/25
So say you flip a 9 of hearts, you would do 9 Reps of the Chest Fly, flip a face card of the Squats, it would be 20 reps. The Jokers, do 50 Propellers, 25 Chest Flys and 25 Wave Pulls. Fairly simple once you understand the concept. The only rest is flipping the next card or possibly adjusting the band since the knots may have a tendency to slide out.
When you count the total number of reps for a Full Deck, it comes out to 800. In this specific workout I did, I misread an Ace card and thought it was Chest Flys but it was Diamonds, sometimes that happens when your brain and body are going at a pace. Ended up doing that card twice so my total came out to 816 reps LOL. A simple mistake made the workout slightly harder which isn't a bad thing. I got a kick out of it and took it in stride. This is just an idea of what you can do with the Bands, you can pick whatever exercises you want to do that suits your current goals or conditioning for your sport.
It has been said before and it will be said again....Doing a Deck Of Cards Workout isn't just about a few exercises chosen at random times, it's a teacher to help you learn to expect the unexpected. Not everything in life is going to go according to plan because if you're always expecting a plan to come to fruition, there can be a curveball thrown your way and it throws off the entire process. You plan the same exercises, the same order, same rest periods and same amount of time (roughly). For many, it's an order of things, using what is too comfortable even though you're getting a workout in. With the Deck, that shit goes out the motherfucking window. You can do a series of cards where it can go back and forth between upper and lower body, get more of one or the other in a series or you may find the the Wild cards in the middle or towards the end and you're already exhausted and have to do the hardest one. You never know what will come next so you must be ready at all times.
The world isn't scripted like in the movies, not everything is going to flow and have the ending that most likely is expected to happen, it gets messy, out of order and chaotic often times but it's important to be ready for when those things come about and do what you can to get through them. It's that discipline and toughness to withstand what could come out of nowhere and power through it with a fucking vengeance.
Get your hands on some Bands and test out this workout yourself, or you could do Bodyweight, your pick, your workout. The Band is a tool like anything else, what you do with it will make the difference in how you go forward with your goals and aspirations. Go to Dopamineo.com and get one of the most premier resistance bands in the world, use the code POWERANDMIGHT at checkout. Used by Olympic Athletes, MMA Champions, Youth Programs, The Military, Law Enforcement, Seniors and many more. When you add these to your arsenal, you will discover a pathway to many abilities some consider to be unnatural. Be amazingly awesome.
Sunday, March 29, 2026
Hindu Squats: An Ancient Conditioning Exercise Worthy Of Learning
How's it going everyone? Hopefully you're having a great Sunday. A couple of my 500-rep circuits with the band recently has had at least one addition to the training, after completing the exercises with the Dopa Band, I would drop it and switch to straight Hindu Squats for sixty brutal seconds. Legs burning, heart hammering, and it made me remember that this isn’t some trendy bodyweight hack. This is pure, time-tested might straight from the akharas of old India. If you’re chasing conditioning that actually lasts, Hindu Squats deserve a permanent spot in your arsenal. They build legs like tree trunks, lungs that never quit, and a mental edge that turns pain into power. Round after round, doesn't get easier, just more interesting.
Let’s travel back in time together shall we? To a time where the Great Gama, the Lion of Punjab, wasn’t just a wrestler, he was a legend who went undefeated his entire career. How? The man hammered out up to 5,000 Hindu squats and 3,000 push-ups every single day before breakfast (As the legend goes). No fancy gym. No machines. Just dusty earth, his own bodyweight, and unbreakable discipline in those traditional wrestling pits. Pehlwans in the akharas trained the same way for generations: bethaks (their name for these deep, explosive squats) to forge the kind of lower-body endurance that let them grapple for hours without gassing. Gama stood 5’7” and weighed 260 pounds of dense, functional muscle. He didn’t look “shredded” for Instagram, nor did he look like some meathead like the Liver King, he looked like he could run through a wall and keep going. That’s the historical blueprint. Real strength isn’t trendy; it’s ancient.
From a conditioning standpoint, Hindu Squats are straight fire. Unlike regular barbell squats that lock you into a fixed path, these bad boys are dynamic. You sink deep, heels lift, arms swing back for momentum, then explode up onto your toes. Quads, calves, ankles, and hips all get hammered in one fluid motion. Do them for high reps—hundreds, not sets of ten—and your heart rate skyrockets into cardio territory without ever stepping on a treadmill. Balance, coordination, and mobility improve fast because you’re training a full ROM your body was built for. Knees stay healthy when you control the descent. No equipment, just you vs. gravity. It’s old-school volume that builds the kind of stamina modern gym rats chase with fancy apps and still never find. If you do have certain issues like with ankle flexibility or can't go all the way down to touch your heels with your glutes, go as low as you can and work with that.
Here’s something inspirational, straight from the heart: Hindu Squats teach you that true power comes from within. You’re not just moving weight—you’re creating the same unbreakable spirit as Gama. Look into your mind's eye. You’re twenty minutes in, thighs screaming, and instead of quitting you smile because you feel the shift. That’s the moment you level up. It’s like going Super Saiyan—raw energy exploding from the inside out. Or healing like Wolverine after a beatdown: battered but coming back stronger every time. No shortcuts (though my Dopa Bands make a killer addition). Just consistent, gritty work that turns average into legendary.
So ditch the bullshit. Start with a few sets of 10-20 a day. Build up to 500 (either in a row, in sets or use a deck of cards). Feel your legs wake up, your lungs expand, your mind sharpen. Ancient warriors knew the secret. Modern conditioning proves it still works. You’ve got the blood of conquerors in your veins, now go fucking earn it.
Keep killing it. Be amazingly awesome and do your Squats.
Shoot me a comment or use the contact form and let me on your training and how you're doing. Looking forward to hearing from you. If you would also like to add me to your social media, here's my LINKTREE where it has all my socials.
Edit......
Here's a great comment I received on Facebook that was very inspiring. Sometime after I posted it. Thank you very much to the person who said this. Well appreciated.
Saturday, March 28, 2026
Step Ups Used As A Recovery Tool???
The last couple days, doing 100's of squats for the first time in a while with the recent addition to Hindu Squats with my band training has been an experience. Some soreness but not enough to question things and kill progress. The first day, my band circuit included 100 total squats with the 10 rounds of 1 Min Hindu Squats, next day, just did upper body mostly with the band and did the Hindu Squats for the lower body. Still intense AF.
Feeling the soreness in my thighs and low back, I wanted to see what Step Ups would do after taking time to research some things, so last night, I did 500 Step Ups before going to bed and took a cold shower afterwards. Not only did I feel great but I woke up today with hardly any soreness at all, like I recovered pretty damn fast like Wolverine or something. This got me into researching even more about Step Ups being not just a great leg workout but even a recovery tool from doing lots of squats.
In my research, I was learning because of moving unilaterally with Step Ups, it keeps the blood flow running smoothly, even from the lactic acid build up from squats (bodyweight or weights) while improving muscle imbalances. It gives off vibes of Prehab work for the knees and hips which also doesn't overload the spine or low back. This is essential for recovery. Still targeting the quads, hamstrings and the glutes but with a gentle aspect to it.
Squats are essential to overall training for the legs which helps with hormone balancing, strength, mobility and even flexibility but Step Ups either with Squat Training or by themselves act as a buffer or teammate you may say in order to get the full package deal for building long term health in the lower body. One shouldn't exist without the other and when you utilize what is possible to work the legs in a smart and proficient way, you're developing the body with greater emphasis beyond muscle building. This doesn't mean you go extreme and do tons of reps or weight, finding the balance of working those muscles while also using active recovery or being able to strengthen the tendons and ligaments goes a long way to gaining the health benefits.
As you have read from previous articles, I'm more for the Step Ups because of their way to hit imbalances that my legs have from those injuries all those years ago and at one time, I was considering stop doing high volume or even doing enough work to stimulate muscle growth in the legs from Squats doing variations of them. As time goes on and seeing the benefits of working the lower body in a smart and realistic way for me, I'm adapting to both using strategic entities that keeps me interested in them to do what is essential for the long run.
Usually in my workouts, I expend a great deal of energy because I don't rest much between sets/rounds or whatever and being in my 40's, having to use that energy strategically keeps me in good condition and in no pain whatsoever. I may feel stiff at times, that's expected as you get older but some good stretching and movement to get the blood flowing keeps things going and to have such energy is a blessing. Those Step Ups are even awesome to help get that excess energy out and being able to calm down. When you have such energy, you want to use it wisely. If you have restless energy that could be dire like Insomnia or the jitters, being able to exercise can help level out those things.
Having incredible energy in your 40's and beyond is bad ass from a positive point of view because it shows that you are able to take care of yourself and your body regulates hormones and recovery well. Sometimes that energy can be more than you want it to be so we need to find a balance so we don't get that feeling of thinking we can stay up all night and party all day vibe or theory for that matter. We still need to be able to sleep and be able to function. For me, on those days where I need to get that energy out, there is Step Ups and other "fun things" but in this manner for training purposes, Step Ups and a cold shower, knocks my ass out in minutes when I get into bed after drying off, putting on clothes and letting everything sink in.
Take the time to incorporate Step Ups either as a stand alone on days off from your regular routine or as a finisher for your leg days, don't push it though. Leg Day for some means walking like you just fought off the Zombie Apocalypse. Get a feel for them. You don't have to do what I do, do what works for you. Start with a few reps per leg and keep the height of the step at a comfortable level because too high for too many reps can lead to tightness or even pain in the hips and knees. If you're say like 5'5, you don't want to be doing step ups that is meant for someone at 6'5, keep the level to no more of the knee going above the belly button or just around the pelvic line. If you're having issues in the hip and knee area, depending on your height but still want to try step ups, for most people an 8-10 inch step is more than enough. Don't hurt yourself and this is merely a suggestion, not a "have to" or something that is risky.
Be amazingly awesome and go kill it it in your goals. Hope you build legs that can carry you and be used to keep yourself healthy for many years to come. With the updated comment policy I put in place, send me a note and let me know about your training, or use the contact form to send me an email. Please read the policy carefully. You can also go to my LINKTREE and check out all my socials. Add me onto your social media and let's keep in touch.
Friday, March 27, 2026
An Addition To The 500 Rep Circuit
There was something within me that wanted to add a "small" element to my circuit training with the Dopa Band and wanted to hit a different level of my conditioning training. In my regular circuits if you're new to this Blog is to do 5 Exercises, 10 Reps each for 10-20 Rounds. Only rest is marking down the circuit. Exercises aren't always the same or in the same order cause I like having a fresh way of going and keeping certain basic exercises of the Dopamineo System.
Yesterday, I decided for this added element was Hindu Squats. Been a bit since I've done a full workout with them but I know I'm capable of doing them and pretty well after many years of doing thousands of them. Here's how it went:
5 Dopa Exercises
Step Skis where you take a step and then throw the arms up in neutral or hammer grip like fashion with the Band
Put the band down and do 60 seconds of Hindu Squats.
Repeat this process 10 times. Only rest was marking it down.
Doing a minute of Squats doesn't sound like much but round after round with already going through the other exercises, you're getting some build up going with the lactic acid and it becomes harder. My key to performing them proficiently was to focus on breath control and speed that was at a comfortable clip but still getting the heart rate up. I was going about the rate you see HERE (A bit faster maybe)!!!
It was a beautiful day out, a bit chilly so I had on my hoodie, sweats, shorts, t shirt and my shoes. Went to the park, found a tree I liked, hooked up the band with the Genius Strap, put on some tunes and went after it. Had my watch on me to time the Hindu Squats. Did what I could to keep form at a good level of alignment, breathe with focus & intent and everything was smooth sailing. It wasn't easy though. If you believe this is "Easy Peasy", come and train with me sometime and you'll find it's not as easy as it looks (Then again, there are those who don't even have the balls to put their money where their mouth is).
Anyway, it was a pretty damn good workout and I felt it big time especially in my legs but hey, that's to be expected you know. Sun was shining, practically had that entire place to myself and was having the time of my life. This was a great challenge and it was great to be doing those squats again. Think my inspiration came from reading the new book I mentioned a couple articles ago called NO GAS, NO RUN: The Guide to Catch Wrestling Conditioning, Combat Science, and Building the Engine. Channeling Karl Gotch man and thinking what some of this book has engraved into my brain already.
Working a circuit like this tests limits of most men. It may not be a challenge for a wrestler since those guys are fucking animals but for someone who enjoys fitness and wants to amp their game a little bit, something like this can make you huff and puff in not time. As Billy Robinson said "There's no rest in wrestling", neither is this type of training in some capacity. Like I said, the only "rest" you get is marking it down and/or adjusting the band if needed.
Karl Gotch has said "Conditioning is your best hold", in this case, I say "Conditioning is your best asset" in which I mean you can be as strong and fit looking as you can be, but if you start to wear down in less than a few minutes, all that strength is merely temporary. You want to last as long as you need to cause in life, having gas in the tank can have an impact on how you help others and yourself.
Be prepared to get your ass kicked and get yourself a band at Dopamineo.com. Use the code POWERANDMIGHT to chalk down some bucks. Grab a bundle, that saves you even more. These bands are virtually indestructible and can take a beating. I know cause the Black Band I have hasn't been scratched, torn or snapped and I put that thing through the ringer with hard workouts. Have an amazingly awesome day and keep killing it.
Want to chat me up, go to my LINKTREE where you'll find my email and all my socials. Tell me about your training and let me know if there's something I could to help you in your journey whether it's helping find resources for your goals or a few tidbits on what is possible to get you just a little stronger or durable.
Thursday, March 26, 2026
Blissful Hell: 45 Minutes of Interval Training With The Dopa Band
Yesterday, I wanted to test my conditioning and see what was possible to be able to do my Interval Workout with the Dopa Band longer then I normally do. Most of those workouts go for 30 minutes keeping at the pace of 5 exercises, each for 45/15. Added an extra 15 minutes to hit 45.
I wasn't going Sonic The Hedgehog on this but I didn't go as slow as a snail either. I had a target pace for each exercise. Didn't count the reps, just kept working the muscles and focus on my breathing and form. If my hands started to slide, just to a quick readjust and kept at it. This pacing was getting my heart rate jacked up for sure but it wasn't making me want to collapse.
Set my strap on the tree at the park, hooked up the band, got the timer going and went at it. Before I even left to go do it, I kept debating with myself if I should just do it for 30 minutes or do the 500 Rep Circuit. For several minutes I was having a mental battle until I started up the timer and figured "Fuck it, stretch the limits" and I went for it. I'm glad I did.
Each round wouldn't be easier than the next but with my breath control, it helped keep my body moving with solid form and let the speed of the movements flow naturally. It became meditative and the world around me was a blur but I was aware of what I was doing in the workout. I picked up the pace on some exercises in the later rounds but I wanted to stay strong even when fatigue set in at times. When I noticed there were 2-3 rounds left, it was like a second wind came over me and was cruising through them with complete control and intent. 5 Exercises, each for 45/15, 9 times. Brutal.
At the end, when that high kicked in. Holy shit. Everything felt calm, peaceful, vibrant and strong. It was like being on a whole other planet where nothing went wrong, there was no chaos, no stress and sure as hell no overthinking shit. It was a moment of pure clarity and in the present. Beautiful man. When you can have that kind of workout where you're busting your ass and you're being rewarded with that beautiful feeling, there's nothing like it. Being in that present moment and just letting it sink in. Those 45 minutes were tough at times but I knew I had it in me to complete it and know I've done enough that gave me something to accomplish and be able to go back home feeling like I just became a billionaire.
That's the type of mindfulness these bands can provide when you put in the work, finding out what you're made of and killing it more than you thought you would. Workouts like this will do wonders once you've built up to being able to handle it. At first, going for 15-30 seconds and resting for a minute for a few rounds is more than enough. Every few workouts or so, add a bit more time, rest less and before you know it, you're rocking it working like a madman and resting only to change positions.
Pick exercises you want to do and work them while being in control. The band will let you know if you're fucking up, it doesn't discriminate. If you don't respect it or get sloppy, it's going tell you something and you'll feel it. Key things here: Control, Breathe and Move with focused intent. With those three things and using a progressive system, you can skyrocket your conditioning to levels you didn't think existed. Your body will be more fluid, durable, mobile and flexible, not to mention explosively strong, fast and powerful.
Come and grab a band at dopamineo,com. Use my code POWERANDMIGHT and go kill it just about anywhere you can set it up. Stretch your limits and remember those three key things. I'm rooting for you and I'd love to hear about your training or if you have any questions about the bands. Head over to my LINKTREE where you can find my email and social media outlets. Looking forward to chatting with you.
Tuesday, March 24, 2026
Shifting The Focus Without The Gym Anymore
The gym has its perks for many people and it has helped those get in shape for what they want to accomplish. Some of us however, don't have that drive or passion to be in one. For nearly 3 months, it had some good moments but I finalized the canceling of my membership. Learned a couple things but ultimately, this gym didn't have what I already was working with and parted ways.
Talking to the manager after blowing up his phone, emailing and DMing, got things squared away and was asking the usual questions of why I was leaving and tried to pitch services on Personal Training and Classes in order to get me to reconsider. Wasn't having it and have enough knowledge that I know what I want in my training and the place couldn't provide it.
The guy did ask me something that I thought was a cool compliment. He had asked if I was a wrestler because he had seen some of the things I do in there and was impressed with the lifts and my explosiveness. Even complimenting my form on certain lifts including the sandbag they had and it was nice of him to say all that. I told him, no about being one. I admire the sport (especially Catch Style) and train in some form like one without being a competitor. That was pretty awesome that he assumed I was and I didn't think I had that kind of aura that would someone like that think that way. He was the second guy to assume I was a wrestler so maybe I give off some kind of vibe or something.
I was already focused on my conditioning with the bands and working on Isometrics for keeping up my strength. Going to the gym to do a few lifts was fun don't get me wrong. Still able to bench close to 300 lbs and play around with heavy dumbbells and that 455 rack pull was unbelievable to pull off (pun intended). It just didn't give me anything to move forward with those things and I feel grateful that my training outside of the gym gave me the ability to still do those things and even be a little stronger with very little specialization.
Being able to train anywhere I want is a gift I will always carry and I encourage anyone to learn how to do it. Hell, my first start was in the gym back when I was 13 year old kid in the 90's. It doesn't matter if you go to a gym or not, do what makes you happy, driven and benefits your goals and desires for a better body, better health and getting stronger in whatever it is you want to go after. If all your training goals rely on the gym, it's not a bad thing but don't dismiss what can be learned when you don't always have access to one. It's a process to understand what Physical Culture is, not Gym Culture because they are two different mindsets. One is a study of what came before, learning the ins and outs of what men did within or far out of the norm of a gym that it almost seems foreign to some. Gym Culture relies heavily on the building itself along with ego driven men and women that focus on three things; barbells, dumbbells and machines. Very few gyms have things that give off real world application and Gym Culture has a lot of issues when it comes to this day and age that I don't want to partake in anymore. That's my take on it, you don't have to take my word for it.
Training is my life, my purpose and to keep learning it for as long as I'm alive. As you know by now, I take bits and pieces of a little of everything that interests me in this world of fitness and making it something for me. After many, many years of study, there isn't one method that is a favorite but more on the lines of what can be useful to me in this point in time. I love doing things that carry over to other areas of my life but I also love doing things that give me peace and calmness getting that excess energy out or blowing off steam, I love that I can use whatever around me and make it easy or as hard as I want. It's second nature to me and I get a lifetime pass of going to school everyday to find something bad ass to learn. That's the true power of Fitness.
The gym is a learning curve, what you can do outside of it is a much bigger challenge with its own rewards and possibilities. It's a fulfilling practice that is a continuous journey of your own battles, wins and accomplishments. When you can work with both, that's a lethal amount of knowledge. Some are better off doing gym stuff, others outside of it like me & others and some are best with doing both so they can find their own way of getting the most out of themselves.
Be amazingly awesome and keep killing it with your goals. To get in touch with me go to my LINKTREE.
Monday, March 23, 2026
NO GAS, NO RUN: The Guide To Catch Wrestling Conditioning, Combat Science And Building The Engine
Many spent years studying the old ways of training; the raw, unfiltered truth of what it means to be unbreakable on the mat and in life. Karl Gotch, the God of Wrestling himself, drilled it into every man he trained: conditioning isn’t a side dish. It’s your greatest hold. Skill without the engine is worthless. You gas out, you lose. You run for miles hoping cardio saves you, you miss the point entirely. Gotch didn’t build wrestlers who looked pretty in the mirror. He forged monsters who could grind for hours, bridges popping, squats exploding, bodies moving like coiled steel.
That’s why I’m fired up about what’s coming. NO GAS, NO RUN: The Guide to Catch Wrestling Conditioning, Combat Science, and Building the Engine is dropping soon, and it’s the real deal. This isn’t another fluffy program with treadmill sprints and fancy gadgets. This is pure Gotch distilled, bodyweight brutality, combat-specific science, and the exact blueprint for constructing an engine that never quits.
No more gassing halfway through a roll because your lungs betray you. No more pounding pavement thinking “more miles equal tougher.” Gotch taught the Indian Kushti way, the Great Gama style where the engine is built through relentless Hindu squats, neck bridges that turn your spine into iron, push-ups that teach leverage, animal crawls that wake up every fiber, and circuits that mimic the mat war. You train to leave gas in the tank, not burn it all in warm-up. That’s the “NO GAS” secret. You finish stronger than you started. Your heart, lungs, and grip become weapons that outlast any opponent.
The “NO RUN” part? Pure genius. Running builds runners. Catch wrestling demands wrestlers. This guide flips the script with combat science that Gotch guarded like gold: precise progressions, recovery intelligence, and drills that translate straight to pins, escapes, and submissions. You’ll learn how to build that engine in small spaces—just like Gotch did in hotel rooms across Japan and Europe. No excuses. Just results.
This isn’t about getting “in shape.” It’s existential. Every rep becomes a drop of water in the rain. One alone seems small. Stack them day after day—consistent, faithful, fierce—and you carve canyons in your limits. Life throws storms. The mat tests your soul. With this engine, you don’t break. You reshape everything around you. Weakness dissolves. Doubt evaporates. You rise as the force that mountains can’t stop.
I’ve tested pieces of this philosophy in my own training with the 500+ rep circuits in the park with the Dopa Bands. It works. It transforms. And now this guide packages the full system: step-by-step conditioning ladders, combat science breakdowns, engine-building templates that scale from beginner to beast. Whether you’re a grappler chasing catch wrestling glory, an MMA fighter needing real durability, or just a warrior who refuses to gas out in life, this is your fucking map.
The greats knew it like Frank Gotch, Lou Thesz, Ed Lewis, Billy Robinson and Gama. They all carried that same fire. Gotch passed the torch onto men that tackled wrestling with a vengeance. This guide carries it forward. No hype. No shortcuts. Just the rugged truth that turns ordinary men into legends.
The wait is almost over. When it lands, dive in. Commit like your life depends on it because on the mat, it does. Stack those drops. Forge that engine. Leave the gas for your enemies. Pre-Order NOW!!!
Rise up. The mat is calling. Train with passion. Build the unstoppable. Get after it. Become the river. Be amazingly awesome.
Want to send me a message? Go to my LINKTREE where all my socials and email are.
Sunday, March 22, 2026
Drip Drip Drip....Drops Of Water In the Rain: An Unyielding Philosophy of Consistent Workouts
I love the rain. That soft, persistent rain that kisses the earth without apology. Doing workouts gives off very different vibes and letting things flow. No spotlight. Just me, the ground and the quiet symphony of drops falling all around. I've done some training with the hammers and even bodyweight during those days in the summer or even spring, as sweat mixed with rain on my skin, the truth burned brighter than ever, every single workout is a drop of water in the rain. One alone seems insignificant. But keep them coming, relentless, patient, faithful and you become the force that reshapes mountains, carves canyons, and floods the world with unstoppable power.
Look at that water above—tiny trickles born from countless raindrops merging, gathering momentum, becoming something alive and eternal. That's you when you refuse to skip. That quick 5-minute isometric hold while the world rushes by? A drop. The garage bodyweight circuit at dawn before the chaos begins? Another drop. The lunch-break band pulls that nobody sees? Drop after drop. They fall quietly. They don't demand applause. Yet together they build rivers that nothing can stop.
I've been at this physical culture game for many, many years. Training raw, outdoors, away from mirrors and machines because being real and thinking outside the box isn't built in flashes; it's more about persistence. Early on in my late teens I chased the hurricane: brutal sessions that left me feeling like shit, ego swollen and my body wasn't getting the type of recovery that aligned with what I was shooting for at the time. I'd train like a madman one day, then limp for a week or even had a day where I felt like a broken 80 year old man that took longer to get out of bed than an episode of Big Bang Theory. That was destruction disguised as progress. But people like Bruce Lee showed me that water was a philosophy to look at. Steady rain wins. It doesn't rage; it endures. It finds every weakness in the rock and widens it with gentle, ceaseless pressure until the impossible yields.
As time went on and my training was gaining momentum, guys like Garin Bader taught me new ways to look at Bruce Lee's way of things. Hence, CoreForce Energy.
See that man hanging in the rain-soaked park? Defiant. Unbroken. Training through the elements because he knows the drops are stacking. That's the spirit. Your body listens to consistency the way stone listens to water; slowly, inevitably, profoundly. Tendons thicken into cables. Joints heal and fortify. Weak links dissolve. The old aches fade because you've been nourishing the foundation with daily drops instead of drowning it in sporadic floods.
This is bigger than muscles. It's existential. Life will throw storms at you. Layoffs, heartbreak, days when gravity feels heavier than usual. Water doesn't argue with the terrain; it flows, adapts, overcomes. Your workouts become that same force. When doubt creeps in ("Is one session really worth it?"), remember: one drop joined the river today. It merged with yesterday's effort, last week's grind, last year's commitment. You're not just getting stronger—you're becoming the river. Purpose flows through your veins. Discipline becomes instinct. Weakness erodes like riverbanks giving way to the current.
Even in the downpour, people keep moving—laughing, running, living. Rain doesn't stop the committed; it reveals them. Training in drizzle or shine strips away excuses and exposes the truth: greatness isn't about perfect conditions. It's about showing up when the sky is gray and the motivation is thin, adding your drop anyway. Do that long enough, and one day you wake up and realize the man in the mirror isn't the same fragile version from years ago. He's carved. He's deepened. He's mighty.
History echoes this. The Mighty Atom didn't bend steel in one explosive effort—he built the power through daily isometric pressure, drop by drop. Old-time wrestlers held positions until time itself submitted. Nature's masterpiece—the Grand Canyon—wasn't blasted in a weekend. It was sculpted by patient rain and other things over eons. Your potential is that stone. Your consistency is the rain. Keep falling on it. The transformation is inevitable.
And here's the fire: when you embrace this philosophy, every rep ignites something primal. You feel alive in a way no shortcut ever delivers. The burn becomes a baptism. The sweat, holy water. You discover depths of resilience you never knew existed. You carry groceries like they're feathers. You wrestle life without flinching. You rise each morning with the quiet roar of a river inside you; calm on the surface, unstoppable beneath.
So rise up. Let the next workout be your drop. Make it fierce. Make it faithful. Stack them without apology. Watch how small acts compound into legendary strength. Watch how ordinary days birth extraordinary men. The rain is falling right now—through your window, in your mind, across your future. Answer it. Add your drop. Become the flood that reshapes everything.
The river is waiting to be born through you. Get after it. Become unstoppable. Be amazingly awesome.
If you wish to get a hold of me. Go to my LINKTREE where you can find all my socials and email.b
Saturday, March 21, 2026
Out In The Open Air On A Saturday Morning
This morning, I went out to the park with my Dopa Band, hooked it up with an anchor to my favorite tree, put on some tunes and had at it. Did my 500 Rep Circuit of 5 Exercises for 10 Reps each for 10 Rounds. A little chilly still but it was nice to get some fresh air and work up a bit of a sweat.
Spring is almost here and it was fun to get out and have a blast doing what I love to do. It's important to be productive instead of obsessing and ranting about other grown men and think there's any value to it (it isn't). Training is about self discovery, finding things that give you purpose and enjoying the journey. If you feel the need to run your mouth on the internet and waste space with negative bullshit instead of doing something meaningful with your life, more power to you but it shows your lack of discipline and morality.
No rest days, at least for me, can't speak for everyone else but I believe in doing something daily whether for a few minutes or however long you want. Doesn't have to be extreme all the time like some dude with a death wish claims you should do, keep it light some days and go hard when the opportunity arises. Challenge yourself but always leave some gas left in the tank, helps with recovery. Going extreme too often leads to injuries much quicker and it's no badge of honor to push yourself so hard that you may end with no cartilage or something that will have you living with pain the rest of your life.
The weekend doesn't mean you stop training but if you need to back off a bit to help avoid a potential injury, do so and maybe focus on mobility training and movement flows. Some days will be easier than others but with consistency, awareness and adaptability, doing some form of training everyday has amazing benefits. Not everyone is going to get a full hour or something straight for a workout during the week or even the weekend, do what's possible and learn the value of Micro Workouts. Little bits of exercise throughout the day or doing something when you're short on time but want the benefits of staying fit and healthy.
Going to the park, breathing in the open air, listening to nature (at least the birds chirping while being on grass) and doing something that fulfills your soul is a kick ass thing to do. Have fun, play and be human, not some clown that acts like he's above everyone else, talks down to people who live happy lives and writes countless irrelevant crap that people will eventually get tired of, it's pathetic and sad to live like that, seriously, how miserable and sick do you have to be to act like that and think it's some kind of flex? Guys like that need to seek some professional help and pull their head out of their ass.
Life can be brutal at times, some go through hardships you will never understand but when there's chaos, there is beauty in the world too. It's not always easy to find but once you do, hold onto it and cherish it. Sometimes we need a little bit of chaos but not to the point where we can't live without being horrible to one another. It sucks where certain aspects of the world has gone, we lose our heroes, have a man that doesn't even remember he's president and learn things that make you want to smack some douche canoe upside the head or better yet give him an ass kicking for calling maids slaves. Fucking stupid. Cheer somebody on that made a new PR, found the job they wanted, victorious in a tournament, got a new promotion, standing up to a bully or even give them a hug for beating cancer and thriving.
When it comes to fitness; whether you lift weights, do bodyweight, both, do a little of many different methods or you're training for competition, enjoy the journey, be positive about your results and make your goals your bitch. Granted there are some things some shouldn't be doing for obvious reasons but just know that we all have our own paths, some are a little over the top, some are starting out and others do what's possible in the moment and all we can do is just hope they don't get hurt or do something that they will regret.
There are people out there who want to tear you down because they got nothing better to do and destroy anything that gives you hope of making something of yourself. Some (from my own experiences) are so overly obsessed they make up the dumbest shit just so they can make a lousy and pitiful few bucks that is nothing more than a 10 cent copy and pasted fitness book or whatever unoriginal crap. Look like they would get tired doing 5 pushups that definitely needs work and act like they know how to put on muscle but can't get past being seen like a corpse with hair that got electrocuted. You're nothing special and it's sad you resort to asinine tactics that has you losing subscribers and business daily. Not even worthy of a name here since he goes by three different people that talk and act exactly the same. Like I said, unoriginal.
Little by little, let's not let those people in the above paragraph stop us from what we love to do and live with purpose. Live with passion and live with greater humility. You got this and keep being amazingly awesome. Be sure to check out Dopamineo.com and use the code POWERANDMIGHT to shave off some bucks on your order. If you wish to get a hold of me, go to my LINKTREE where all my socials and Email are. Looking forward to hearing from you. Have a great weekend everyone.
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